Emotion, moral reasoning, and the human brain

Dr. Daniel Tranel Professor of Neurology and Psychology University of Iowa The neurobiological basis of moral rea­soning, which was vividly brought to scientific attention by the famous case of Phineas Gage, has attracted considerable interest from contemporary cognitive neu­roscience. At the University of Iowa, we have been pursuing a program of research built around systematic investigations of modern-day "Phineas Gage"-type patients — neu­rological subjects with focal damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Our research has demonstrated a fundamental role for emotion in many facets of moral rea­soning. Deprived of emotion, patients with vmPFC damage make decisions that are my­opic and not in their overall long-term best interests, although, oddly enough, they also make decisions that are more utilitarian and driven by outcome rather than intention. Daniel Tranel received his doctorate in clinical psychology from the University of Iowa in 1982. He completed post-doctoral training at Iowa under Arthur Benton and Antonio Damasio, and he joined the faculty in the Department of Neurology in 1986. Tranel serves as director of the Divisions of Cognitive Neuroscience and of Neuropsy­chology, and as chair of the Neuroscience doctoral program at Iowa. He studies the neural basis of higher-order cognition and behavior, using the lesion method and func­tional neuroimaging in human participants. His work has been funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, the National Insti­tute on Drug Abuse, the National Institute of Health, the National Institute of Neurologi­cal Disorders and Strokes, and the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communi­cation Disorders. He has published over 300 scholarly articles, including several in Sci­ence, Nature, and Nature Neuroscience.