[New TOEFL Writing Practice] Test 14 - Climatology Topic (with Sample Essay)

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Xuất bản 15/08/2015
READING PASSAGE (3 minutes) Global warming is the theory that temperatures on the Earth’s surface are increasing. Scientists who study the weather over time, called climatologists, have three reasons to believe that global warming is occurring. First, scientists recently learned that there is more carbon dioxide in our atmosphere than ever before. By studying very old pieces of ice, they determined that the levels remained the same for nearly 10,000 years. However, the levels have since increased by thirty-one percent, and experts predict that they will continue to rise. The high amount of carbon dioxide is significant because the gas keeps the Earth’s heat from escaping. Therefore, the more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the hotter the temperatures. Second, the Earth’s ice caps, the massive sheets of ice found at the North and South Poles, are quickly melting as the Earth gets hotter. According to scientists, over the past century, the ice caps have started to melt at unbelievably rapid rates. For example, between 1997 and 2002, about nineteen cubic miles of ice melted each year in Greenland’s icecap. More recently, however, the figure has jumped to fifty-seven cubic miles per year. Finally, records show that global temperatures have steadily increased over the past hundred years. The temperatures are measured and recorded by two separate facilities, the Hadley Center and NASA. Both use data collected with state-of-the-art equipment to calculate the average global temperature of the planet. Time after time, the results stay the same: temperatures on Earth are, in fact, increasing. -------------- LECTURE AUDIO TRANSCRIPT Global warming is an important topic today. For years, scientists have investigated, keeping an eye out for telltale signs that global warming is happening. The thing is, as compelling as some of the arguments may sound, they're false. Global warming is not taking place on Earth. Let's begin by talking about carbon dioxide levels. Many people mistakenly believe that a high level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere automatically means that global warming is, in fact, going on. However, let's consider something tar a second: carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas, which means it exists even without humans adding more. Moreover, it's not as if the revels have increased as dramatically as some sources would have us think. The fact is that over the past thirty years, carbon dioxide levels have increased by only two percent. That’s including the extra pollution that humans throw into the mix. Next, the melting of ice caps doesn't necessarily prove that temperatures are getting hotter around the world. Scientists agree that ice caps are influenced by a variety of factors. A combination of these factors could easily account for the receding ice caps. For example, recent research suggests that at least some of the ice cap melting is caused by volcanoes. When volcanoes located under the sheets of ice erupt, they destroy the ice it comes into contact with. And that's just one of the many different factors that affect ice caps. Finally, what about these facilities that have records of temperature increases? Turns out that even with the most advanced technology, their figures are still inaccurate. A number of scientific agencies have spoken up about the inaccuracies, pointing out that it's misleading to suggest that they have actual proof of global warming. The problem is that the Hadley Center and NASA take samples from some places and not others. As a result, the averages published by those facilities might be off the mark by at least two degrees.
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