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Closed-circuit television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place on a limited set of monitors. It differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly transmitted though it may employ point to point (P2P) point to multipoint or mesh wireless links. Though almost all video cameras fit this definition the term is most often applied to those used for surveillance in areas that may need monitoring such as banks casinos airports military installations and convenience stores. Videotelephony is seldom called "CCTV" but the use of video in distance education where it is an important tool is often so called. In industrial plants CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process from a central control room for example when the environment is not suitable for humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor a particular event. A more advanced form of CCTV utilizing digital video recorders 3 (DVRs) provides recording for possibly many years with a variety of quality and performance options and extra features (such as motion-detection and email alerts). More recently decentralized IP cameras some equipped with megapixel sensors support recording directly to network-attached storage devices or internal flash for completely stand-alone operation. Surveillance of the public using CCTV is particularly common in many areas around the world. Experiments in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s (including outdoor CCTV in Bournemouth in 1985) led to several larger trial programs later that decade. These were deemed successful in the government report "CCTV: Looking Out For You" issued by the Home Office in 1994 and paved the way for a massive increase in the number of CCTV systems installed. Today systems cover most town and city centres and many stations car-parks and estates. A more recent analysis by Northeastern University and the University of Cambridge "Public Area CCTV and Crime Prevention: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" examined 44 different studies that collectively surveyed areas from the United Kingdom to U.S. cities such as Cincinnati and New York. The analysis found that:. There is still much research to be done to determine the effectiveness of CCTV cameras on crime prevention before any conclusions can be drawn. There is strong anecdotal evidence that CCTV aids in detection and conviction of offenders indeed UK police forces routinely seek CCTV recordings after crimes. Moreover CCTV has played a crucial role in tracing the movements of suspects or victims and is widely regarded by antiterrorist officers as a fundamental tool in tracking terrorist suspects. Large-scale CCTV installations have played a key part of the defences against terrorism since the 1970s. Even so there is political hostility to surveillance and several commentators downplay the evidence of CCTV s effectiveness especially in the US. However most of these assertions are based on poor methodology or imperfect comparisons. A more open question is whether most CCTV is cost-effective. While low-quality domestic kits are cheap the professional installation and maintenance of high definition CCTV is expensive. Gill and Spriggs did a Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) of CCTV in crime prevention that showed little monetary saving with the installation of CCTV as most of the crimes prevented resulted in little monetary loss. It was however noted that benefits of non-monetary value cannot be captured in a traditional Cost Effectiveness Analysis and were omitted from their study. To get a full understanding of the costs and benefits of CCTV in crime prevention these factors would have to be included. A 2008 Report by UK Police Chiefs concluded that only 3 of crimes were solved by CCTV. In London a Metropolitan Police report showed that in 2008 only one crime was solved per 1000 cameras. In some cases CCTV cameras have become a target of attacks themselves. On July 22 2005 Jean Charles de Menezes was shot dead by police at Stockwell tube station. According to brother Giovani Menezes "The film showed that Jean did not have suspicious behaviour" . Because of the bombing attempts the previous day some of the tapes had been supposedly removed from CCTV cameras for study and they were not functional. An ongoing change to DVR-based technology may in future stop similar problems occurring. In October 2009 an "Internet Eyes" website was announced which would pay members of the public to view CCTV camera images from their homes and report any crimes they witnessed. The site aimed to add "more eyes" to cameras which might be insufficiently monitored. Civil liberties campaigners criticized the idea as "a distasteful and a worrying development". In 2013 Oaxaca hired deaf police officers to lip read conversations to uncover criminal conspiracies
